Understanding the links between the diversity of habitats and biodiversity is a core topic in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology; mathematical and computational models can help provide qualitative answers to this question. During my talk, I will present some ecological (short-term) and evolutionary (long-term) consequences of spatial structuring and environmental heterogeneities. I will start with the example of resistance to treatments, and will show how spatial heterogeneities can help limit the spread of resistance. Then I will move on to a more ecological model and will present results on the evolution of specialist and generalist strategies in a spatially heterogeneous environment.